北极斯瓦尔巴、高亚洲和阿尔卑斯山冰川物质平衡对比研究     

何海迪  李忠勤  叶万花  梁鹏斌  牟建新  张明军 《冰川冻土》2018,40(2):205-213

基于冰川物质平衡和平衡线高度数据,对北极斯瓦尔巴、高亚洲和阿尔卑斯山的冰川物质平衡变化和平衡线高度空间分布特征进行了对比分析,得出以下结论：（1）阿尔卑斯山冰川年均负物质平衡值最大,为-907 mm;斯瓦尔巴为-431 mm;高亚洲最小,为-264 mm。（2）高亚洲和斯瓦尔巴冰川物质平衡年振幅较小,年际变化较小;阿尔卑斯山冰川物质平衡年振幅较大,年际变化较大。斯瓦尔巴冰川物质平衡趋向正平衡,阿尔卑斯山和高亚洲冰川物质平衡趋向负平衡。（3）斯瓦尔巴内陆的冰川平衡线高度高于沿海地区,高亚洲冰川平衡线高度呈纬向地带性、经向地带性和区域地带性的分布规律,阿尔卑斯山的冰川平衡线高度主要受冰川所处海拔的影响。  相似文献   

Twenty-five years of spectral UV-B measurements over Canada,Europe and Japan: Trends and effects from changes in ozone,aerosols, clouds,and surface reflectivity     

《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2018,350(7):393-402

Spectral UV records of solar irradiance at stations over Europe, Canada, and Japan were used to study long-term trends at 307.5 nm for a 25-year period, from 1992 to 2016. Ground-based measurements of total ozone, as well as satellite measurements of the Aerosol Index, the Total Cloud Cover and the surface reflectivity were also used in order to attribute the estimated changes of the UV to the corresponding changes of these factors. The present study shows that over the Northern Hemisphere, the long-term changes in UV-B radiation reaching the Earth's surface vary significantly over different locations, and that the main drivers of these variations are changes in aerosols and total ozone. At high latitudes, part of the observed changes may also be attributed to changes in the surface reflectivity. Over Japan, the UV-B irradiance at 307.5 nm has increased significantly by ∼3%/decade during the past 25 years, possibly due to the corresponding significant decrease of its absorption by aerosols. It was found that the greatest part of this increase took place before the mid-2000s. The only European station, over which UV radiation increases significantly, is that of Thessaloniki, Greece. Analysis of the clear-sky irradiance for the particular station shows increasing irradiance at 307.5 nm by ∼3.5%/decade during the entire period of study, with an increasing rate of change during the last decade, possibly again due to the decreasing absorption by aerosols.  相似文献   

面向自然连续面群边线的协同化简方法     

张付兵  孙群  朱新铭  马京振 《地球信息科学学报》2022,24(4):631-642

自然连续面群边线化简是地形图中自然面状要素和地理国情普查数据中自然图斑自动制图综合的重要实施步骤。现有面要素边线化简算法大多以线化简算法为基础,未有效化简弯曲特征、保持面积平衡和满足图面视觉清晰性要求,且化简结果存在共享边界不一致、边线自相交和边线之间相交的拓扑问题。为此,结合自然连续面群表达特点和化简要求,本文提出一种面向自然连续面群边线的协同化简方法。首先将自然连续面群转换为拓扑数据结构组织,以待化简弧段及其相邻弧段为基础构建约束Delaunay三角网,标识化简区域;其次利用弧段双侧层次多叉树模型渐进式退化条带状弯曲、化简细小弯曲;最后自适应夸大狭窄“瓶颈”,实现边线的协同化简。以河南省某区域1:5万地形图中的植被与土质面要素进行化简实验,相较于对比方法,该方法能够有效保持自然连续面群边线化简前后的拓扑一致性、要素之间的面积平衡,充分化简目标尺度下的局部不清晰细节,化简结果精度高。  相似文献   

基于改进引力模型的公园绿地空间可达性及供需平衡分析方法     

赵洋  徐枫  万义良 《地球信息科学学报》2022,24(10):1993-2003

探究高密度城市公园绿地资源空间配置的有效性和供需平衡问题对城市规划和居民生活具有重要意义。已有研究较少从多尺度、多交通出行模式以及结合地图大数据算法的角度对公园绿地可达性进行探究。本文以广州市越秀区为例,利用百度地图多交通出行数据,提出一种结合多类型公园绿地多级可达时间阈值的改进型引力模型,对越秀区公园绿地的空间可达性及其供需平衡特征进行研究。结果表明：① 越秀区各尺度和各类型公园绿地可达性差异显著,城区尺度可达性大体上呈现由北向南逐层递减趋势,街道尺度可达性则表现出明显的“极化”现象,大型公园绿地可达性远高于社区公园和街头游园且在城市整体可达性中占主体地位;② 从空间集聚情况来看,城区尺度公园绿地可达性值呈现明显的空间集聚分布特征,由北向南表现为高值聚类、不显著、低值聚类,街道尺度相比城区尺度高值聚类减少,低值聚类和无统计意义的区域增多;③ 基于供需平衡视角的空间可达性结果显示,公园绿地供给与居民需求在城区尺度和街道尺度分别呈现出整体平衡和局部失衡的现象,局部失衡主要集中在公园绿地资源相对匮乏的街道。  相似文献   

光压模型对GPS精密单点定位的影响     

祝会忠  朱爽  唐龙江 《大地测量与地球动力学》2022,42(9):910-913

利用全球120个跟踪站2019年doy110~139观测数据进行GPS精密定轨;然后采用ECOM1、ECOM1+BW、ECOM1+ABW等3种光压模型,使用7个未参与定轨的测站进行PPP实验。结果表明,ECOM1+ABW组合模型轨道精度最高,非地影期三维轨道精度优于4 cm;对于静态PPP,收敛后水平方向精度优于0.8 cm,垂直方向精度优于1.2 cm;对于动态PPP,收敛时间在30 min左右,收敛后水平方向精度优于1.4 cm,垂直方向精度优于2.0 cm。  相似文献   

Impacts of Aerosol-Radiation Interactions on the Wintertime Particulate Pollution under Different Synoptic Patterns in the Guanzhong Basin,China     

Naifang BEI  Xia LI  Qiyuan WANG  Suixin LIU  Jiarui WU  Jiayi LIANG  Lang LIU  Ruonan WANG  Guohui LI 《大气科学进展》2021,38(7):1141-1152

The effects of aerosol–radiation interactions(ARI) are not only important for regional and global climate, but they can also drive particulate matter(PM) pollution. In this study, the ARI contribution to the near-surface fine PM(PM2.5)concentrations in the Guanzhong Basin(GZB) is evaluated under four unfavorable synoptic patterns, including "northlow", "transition", "southeast-trough", and "inland-high", based on WRF-Chem model simulations of a persistent heavy PM pollution episode in January 2019. Simulations show that ARI consistently decreases both solar radiation reaching down to the surface(SWDOWN) and surface temperature(TSFC), which then reduces wind speed, induces sinking motion,and influences cloud formation in the GZB. However, large differences under the four synoptic patterns still exist. The average reductions of SWDOWN and daytime TSFC in the GZB range from 15.2% and 1.04°C in the case of the"transition" pattern to 26.7% and 1.69°C in the case of the "north-low" pattern, respectively. Furthermore, ARI suppresses the development of the planetary boundary layer(PBL), with the decrease of PBL height(PBLH) varying from 18.7% in the case of the "transition" pattern to 32.0% in the case of the "north-low" pattern. The increase of daytime near-surface PM2.5 in the GZB due to ARI is 12.0%, 8.1%, 9.5%, and 9.7% under the four synoptic patterns, respectively. Ensemble analyses also reveal that when near-surface PM2.5 concentrations are low, ARI tends to lower PM2.5 concentrations with decreased PBLH, which is caused by enhanced divergence or a transition from divergence to convergence in an area. ARI contributes 15%–25% toward the near-surface PM2.5 concentrations during the severe PM pollution period under the four synoptic patterns.  相似文献   

锆石辐射损伤测年方法研究进展与应用     

范明璞  柳小明  孙圣思 《地质论评》2022,68(5):2022102003-2022102003

锆石辐射损伤测年是一种新兴的低温热年代学方法（封闭温度为~230 ± 25 ℃）,其原理是依据拉曼半高宽（ν3）计算出锆石所累积的α通量,结合U、Th含量,得出锆石辐射损伤的累积时间,即锆石辐射损伤年龄。相较于其他低温年代学方法,锆石辐射损伤测年具有测试简便、高效、低成本、双（多）定年等优势,在地学研究中展现出广泛的应用前景,现已成功应用于示踪物源区和揭示岩体热事件等领域。然而,该方法尚存几个关键问题有待解决,例如,微区测试的空间不匹配性、封闭温度存有争议、较大的年龄偏差等,这无疑阻碍其在地球科学领域中更进一步的推广和应用。本文系统地介绍了锆石辐射损伤测年方法的起源、原理和测试方法,总结了相关应用的重要进展,阐述了锆石辐射损伤测年方法的尚存问题,并对该方法的发展趋势作以展望,以期为年代学的发展提供新的技术手段。  相似文献   

2000—2020年兴都库什东部冰川区物质平衡变化及其影响因素     

骆建伟  柯长青  喻薛凝 《冰川冻土》2022,44(1):159-170

利用SRTM DEM和ASTER立体像对数据获取的DEM分析了2000—2020年兴都库什东部的冰川物质平衡,并结合CRU TS 4.04气象数据探讨了气温、降水、地形和冰湖对南、北冰川区物质平衡空间差异的影响。结果表明：2000—2020年兴都库什东部冰川区物质平衡为（-0.02±0.04） m w.e.·a^-1,冰川整体呈现微弱的负物质平衡状态。从坡向来看,南坡以正物质平衡冰川居多,北坡以负物质平衡冰川居多。从南、北两个子区域来看,北部冰川区物质平衡为（0.07±0.04） m w.e.·a^-1,南部冰川区物质平衡为（-0.32±0.04） m w.e.·a^-1。北部冰川面积规模大,所处海拔区间高,南部则相反。北部冰川区处于较高的海拔区间且冬季气温较低,导致夏季升温所产生的冰川消融的影响被削弱,冰川物质平衡的分布与降水分布在空间上具有一致性。南部冰川区出现的强烈物质亏损主要是由于夏季气温的急剧升高和冰川处于较低的海拔区间。南、北区域冰前湖和冰面湖面积不断扩大的空间差异性,也在一定程度上加剧了该地区冰川物质平衡的空间差异。  相似文献   

青藏高原东南部海洋型冰川物质平衡研究进展北大核心CSCD   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵银  张勇  刘时银  王欣 《冰川冻土》2022,44(3):930-945

青藏东南部海洋型冰川具有独特的气候敏感性,普遍呈现加速退缩趋势,这不仅影响区域水资源安全,而且伴生了相应的冰川灾害,是当前青藏高原冰冻圈变化研究的热点区域之一。本文对海洋型冰川物质平衡时空变化特征进行了综述,2000年以来冰川总体处于物质亏损状态,其平均物质平衡介于-0.66~-0.61m w.e.·a^(-1)之间;同时总结了海洋型冰川物质加速变化的驱动因素以及新特征。当前海洋型冰川物质平衡变化研究受观测数据缺乏和模型模拟不确定性等问题限制,尤其现有模型对冰面裂隙增多与扩张、冰崖-冰面湖-表碛相互作用、冰内冰下过程、冰崩、末端冰湖水-冰相互作用等过程的描述过于简化或基本缺失,其机理及影响仍存在较大的不确定性。未来需加强海洋型冰川物质平衡的综合监测,基于多数据和多方法的集成研究提高模型对冰川物质平衡多物理过程的耦合与模拟能力,为开展海洋型冰川物质变化的区域水资源效应和致灾效应研究奠定基础。  相似文献   

Extinctions, Morphological Gaps, Major Transitions, Stem Groups, and the Origin of Major Clades, with a Focus on Early Animals     

XIAO Shuhai 《《地质学报》英文版》2022,96(6):1821-1829

Systematic extinctions can leave major morphological gaps between living crown-group clades. Such morphological gaps would be perceived, from a neontological point of view, as major evolutionary transitions. In order to fill these morphological gaps and to map the evolutionary steps toward major evolutionary transitions, we need to integrate extinct stem-group taxa in phylogenetic studies. However, the recognition of stem group has not been widely adopted in the study of early animal fossils, despite that all fossils are stem groups at one level or another. Part of the difficulty is that stem groups may not have all features that collectively diagnose the respective crown group, and they can have unique (autapomorphic) features, making them tantalizingly similar to and frustratingly different from the crown group (e.g., stem-group eukaryotes can be prokaryotic and stem-group animals can be protistan). The need to embrace stem groups and to implement the PhyloCode, in order to achieve phylogenetic clarity and to offer key paleontological insights into the origin and early animal evolution, is illustrated in debates on several controversial Ediacaran and Cambrian fossils.  相似文献